![]() Deposit Model for Heavy-Mineral Sands in Coastal Environments.Critical Mineral Resources of the United States-Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply.Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5215 Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes-Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets. ![]() Please see the list services page for more information. On the Questions tab of the subscriber preferences page, select "Rare Earths" and any other options in which you may be interested. Subscribe to receive an email notification when a new publication is added to this page. The rare earths' unique properties are used in a wide variety of applications. The elemental forms of rare earths are iron gray to silvery lustrous metals that are typically soft, malleable, and ductile and usually reactive, especially at elevated temperatures or when finely divided. The elements range in crustal abundance from cerium, the 25th most abundant element of the 78 common elements in the Earth's crust at 60 parts per million, to thulium and lutetium, the least abundant rare-earth elements at about 0.5 part per million. The rare earths are a relatively abundant group of 17 elements composed of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. The principal economic sources of rare earths are the minerals bastnasite, monazite, and loparite and the lateritic ion-adsorption clays.
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